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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Holstein-Herring-Methode</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Holstein-<a href="Conyers_Herring" title="Conyers Herring">Herring</a>-Methode</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herring62_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring62-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, auch bekannt unter der englischen Bezeichnungen <span lang="en"><b>surface integral method</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder <span lang="en"><b>Smirnov's method</b></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist in der <a href="Quantenphysik" title="Quantenphysik">Quantenphysik</a> ein effektives Verfahren zur Berechnung der <a href="Austauschwechselwirkung" title="Austauschwechselwirkung">Austauschenergieaufspaltung</a> asymptotisch entarteter Energiezustände in molekularen Systemen. Obwohl die Austauschenergieaufspaltung für zunehmend größer werdende internukleare Abstände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> immer schwieriger zu berechnen ist, hat sie fundamentale Bedeutung für die Theorien der Bindung in Molekülen und des Magnetismus.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theorie">Theorie</h2></div>
<p>Die Grundidee der Holstein-Herring-Methode lässt sich am Beispiel des <a href="Diwasserstoff-Kation" title="Diwasserstoff-Kation">Wasserstoffmolekülions</a>, oder allgemeiner, der Atom-Ion-Systeme oder „Systeme mit einem aktiven Elektron“ folgendermaßen illustrieren. Wir betrachten Molekülzustände, die durch Zustandsfunktionen beschrieben werden, welche sich unter Rauminversion gerade oder ungerade verhalten. Dies wird durch die Suffixe <a href="Gerade_und_ungerade_Funktionen" title="Gerade und ungerade Funktionen">g und u</a> in <a href="Termsymbol" title="Termsymbol">Termsymbolen</a> gekennzeichnet und ist Standard zur Kennzeichnung elektronischer Zustände zweiatomiger Moleküle (für Atomzustände sind dagegen die englischen Ausdrücke <span lang="en">„even“</span> und <span lang="en">„odd“</span> gebräuchlich). Die zugehörige elektronische <a href="Schr%C3%B6dinger-Gleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Schrödinger-Gleichung">Schrödinger-Gleichung</a> lässt sich schreiben als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}+V\right)\psi =E\psi ~,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mrow>
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<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
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<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}+V\right)\psi =E\psi ~,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d1d5aa0cfd91f12936a8aa82bc224bfd2a2874b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:26.401ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}+V\right)\psi =E\psi ~,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> die (elektronische) Energie eines gewählten quantenmechanischen Zustands (Eigenzustands) ist, mit einer elektronischen Zustandsfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi =\psi (\mathbf {r} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi =\psi (\mathbf {r} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/109564f25c267002405f7d3b4daa0cfc8bd9c5ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.036ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi =\psi (\mathbf {r} )}" loading="lazy"></span> die von den Ortskoordinaten des Elektrons abhängt, und wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> das Coulomb-Potential der Elektron-Kern-Wechselwirkung ist. Für das <a href="Diwasserstoff-Kation" title="Diwasserstoff-Kation">Wasserstoff-Molekülion</a> gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=-{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\left({\frac {1}{r_{a}}}+{\frac {1}{r_{b}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=-{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\left({\frac {1}{r_{a}}}+{\frac {1}{r_{b}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0497b71c16b8aaa1866f19ca4832d133fd680f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.62ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=-{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\left({\frac {1}{r_{a}}}+{\frac {1}{r_{b}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für irgendeinen geraden Zustand lässt sich die elektronische Schrödinger-Gleichung in <a href="Atomare_Einheiten" title="Atomare Einheiten">atomaren Einheiten</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar =m=e=4\pi \varepsilon _{0}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar =m=e=4\pi \varepsilon _{0}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c03850dcdca8771e44d17b7e7c65198fa5d890c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.619ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar =m=e=4\pi \varepsilon _{0}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>) schreiben als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla ^{2}+V({\textbf {x}})\right)\psi _{+}=E_{+}\psi _{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">x</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla ^{2}+V({\textbf {x}})\right)\psi _{+}=E_{+}\psi _{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91dcb80c3f5e2e18aa2ed68d2081d9ae185055c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.825ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla ^{2}+V({\textbf {x}})\right)\psi _{+}=E_{+}\psi _{+}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für irgendeinen ungeraden Zustand lässt sich die zugehörige Wellengleichung schreiben als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla ^{2}+V({\textbf {x}})\right)\psi _{-}=E_{-}\psi _{-}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">x</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla ^{2}+V({\textbf {x}})\right)\psi _{-}=E_{-}\psi _{-}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d8cf813e0f32dffb236010b418625f4bdd99977.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.825ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla ^{2}+V({\textbf {x}})\right)\psi _{-}=E_{-}\psi _{-}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Einfachheit halber nehmen wir reelle Funktionen an (obwohl das Endergebnis für den Fall komplexer Funktionen verallgemeinert werden kann). Nun multiplizieren wir die Gleichung für die gerade Funktion von links mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{-}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{-}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/abe855238bc20489dc7735844c7039062b613092.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.024ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{-}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die Gleichung für die ungerade Funktion von links mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6713c31818343696bbba6f140c4d008c692935c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.024ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{+}}" loading="lazy"></span>, und erhalten daraus die Differenz:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{+}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{-}-\psi _{-}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{+}={}-2\,\Delta E\,\psi _{-}\psi _{+}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{+}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{-}-\psi _{-}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{+}={}-2\,\Delta E\,\psi _{-}\psi _{+}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65e9eabd95ecc61e7aa0ecf904290cda3b51f746.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:39.843ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{+}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{-}-\psi _{-}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{+}={}-2\,\Delta E\,\psi _{-}\psi _{+}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E=E_{-}-E_{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E=E_{-}-E_{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1a95b38576f3bdb9b56b41aa41fe799aabe2fd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.102ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E=E_{-}-E_{+}}" loading="lazy"></span> als <i>Austauschenergieaufspaltung</i> bezeichnet wird. Im nächsten Schritt definieren wir, <a href="Ohne_Beschr%C3%A4nkung_der_Allgemeinheit" title="Ohne Beschränkung der Allgemeinheit">ohne Beschränkung der Allgemeinheit</a>, orthogonale Ein-Teilchen-Funktionen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}^{}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{A}^{}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1367c1447d3359f67718612f2a9dc529f0064a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.85ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}^{}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{B}^{}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{B}^{}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b96f6fa6e56fd11ee63777f0468545c611bb59b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.865ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{B}^{}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die an den Kernen lokalisiert seien und schreiben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{+}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\,2}}}~(\phi _{A}^{}+\phi _{B}^{})\;,\qquad \psi _{-}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\,2}}}~(\phi _{A}^{}-\phi _{B}^{})\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{+}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\,2}}}~(\phi _{A}^{}+\phi _{B}^{})\;,\qquad \psi _{-}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\,2}}}~(\phi _{A}^{}-\phi _{B}^{})\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a585aaebbfe5ed3b58e5df1148e329bfdd9c7ef6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:50.395ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{+}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\,2}}}~(\phi _{A}^{}+\phi _{B}^{})\;,\qquad \psi _{-}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\,2}}}~(\phi _{A}^{}-\phi _{B}^{})\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies ist ähnlich dem in der Quantenchemie verwendeten LCAO-Ansatz <a href="Molek%C3%BClorbitaltheorie#MO-Verfahren" title="Molekülorbitaltheorie">(Linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method)</a>, wir müssen aber betonen, dass die Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}^{}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{A}^{}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1367c1447d3359f67718612f2a9dc529f0064a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.85ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}^{}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{B}^{}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{B}^{}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b96f6fa6e56fd11ee63777f0468545c611bb59b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.865ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{B}^{}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Allgemeinen „polarisiert“ sind, d. h., sie sind keine reinen Eigenfunktionen der Drehimpulsoperatoren bzgl. ihrer jeweiligen Zentren (s. a. unten). Allerdings reduzieren sich die lokalisierten Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{A,B}^{}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{A,B}^{}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a692af41e7cebbbcf30614c33c9f0cf5fdcb1468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{A,B}^{}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Grenzfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R\rightarrow \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R\rightarrow \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a78a10a107a0496ab01b208e2386f5bba063ff1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.702ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R\rightarrow \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> auf die wohlbekannten atomaren (wasserstoff-artigen) Psi-Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{A,B}^{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{A,B}^{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d40abcca4f15364efdf9a1f15a1d50787a802c73.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:4.555ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{A,B}^{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Wir bezeichnen nun mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> die Ebene senkrecht zur Kernverbindungslinie in der Mitte zwischen beiden Kernen (s. Diagram für <a href="Diwasserstoff-Kation" title="Diwasserstoff-Kation">Wasserstoff-Molekülion</a> für weitere Einzelheiten), mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathbf {z} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathbf {z} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee430147009dc051bd847634ddb83752a0b9641c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.188ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathbf {z} }}" loading="lazy"></span> einen Einheitsvektor senkrecht zu dieser Ebene (dieser Vektor sei parallel zur kartesischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung), so dass der gesamt dreidimensionale Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42ee047387e551a89e8481e1a9e974dcc5fd5acc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.057ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> in einen linken (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span>) und einen rechten (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span>) Halbraum geteilt wird. Aus Symmetrieüberlegungen folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.\psi _{-}\right|_{M}=\mathbf {z} \cdot \left.\mathbf {\nabla } \psi _{+}\right|_{M}=0\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.\psi _{-}\right|_{M}=\mathbf {z} \cdot \left.\mathbf {\nabla } \psi _{+}\right|_{M}=0\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ea34a41cb708604e1d3d9c6ed08591b230d251d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.\psi _{-}\right|_{M}=\mathbf {z} \cdot \left.\mathbf {\nabla } \psi _{+}\right|_{M}=0\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies impliziert, dass:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.\phi _{A}^{}\right|_{M}=\left.\phi _{B}^{}\right|_{M}\;,\qquad {\mathbf {z} }\cdot \left.\mathbf {\nabla } \phi _{A}^{}\right|_{M}={}-\mathbf {z} \cdot \left.\mathbf {\nabla } \phi _{B}^{}\right|_{M}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.\phi _{A}^{}\right|_{M}=\left.\phi _{B}^{}\right|_{M}\;,\qquad {\mathbf {z} }\cdot \left.\mathbf {\nabla } \phi _{A}^{}\right|_{M}={}-\mathbf {z} \cdot \left.\mathbf {\nabla } \phi _{B}^{}\right|_{M}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/231e2e277d02f4f3d2ad4e923149252427b11cc9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:48.114ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.\phi _{A}^{}\right|_{M}=\left.\phi _{B}^{}\right|_{M}\;,\qquad {\mathbf {z} }\cdot \left.\mathbf {\nabla } \phi _{A}^{}\right|_{M}={}-\mathbf {z} \cdot \left.\mathbf {\nabla } \phi _{B}^{}\right|_{M}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die lokalisierten Funktionen sind normiert, so dass gelten muss:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{L}\phi _{A}^{2}~dV=\int _{R}\phi _{B}^{2}~dV}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{L}\phi _{A}^{2}~dV=\int _{R}\phi _{B}^{2}~dV}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb80eb18644d5263e5fe5fa68a4add0347ae6a4c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.172ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{L}\phi _{A}^{2}~dV=\int _{R}\phi _{B}^{2}~dV}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und umgekehrt. Integration dieses Ergebnisses über den gesamten Raum links der Ebene <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\int _{L}\psi _{+}\psi _{-}~dV=\int _{L}(\phi _{A}^{2}-\phi _{B}^{2})~dV=1-2\int _{R}\phi _{A}^{2}~dV}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\int _{L}\psi _{+}\psi _{-}~dV=\int _{L}(\phi _{A}^{2}-\phi _{B}^{2})~dV=1-2\int _{R}\phi _{A}^{2}~dV}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d42335116367d181ffad28b1af2db482da1cc89d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:52.148ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\int _{L}\psi _{+}\psi _{-}~dV=\int _{L}(\phi _{A}^{2}-\phi _{B}^{2})~dV=1-2\int _{R}\phi _{A}^{2}~dV}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{L}(\psi _{+}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{-}-\psi _{-}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{+})~dV=\int _{L}(\phi _{B}^{}\nabla ^{2}\phi _{A}^{}-\phi _{A}^{}\nabla ^{2}\phi _{B}^{})~dV}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{L}(\psi _{+}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{-}-\psi _{-}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{+})~dV=\int _{L}(\phi _{B}^{}\nabla ^{2}\phi _{A}^{}-\phi _{A}^{}\nabla ^{2}\phi _{B}^{})~dV}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0681e28496455e41516269a27e7b1a7695ee4caa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:60.34ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{L}(\psi _{+}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{-}-\psi _{-}\nabla ^{2}\psi _{+})~dV=\int _{L}(\phi _{B}^{}\nabla ^{2}\phi _{A}^{}-\phi _{A}^{}\nabla ^{2}\phi _{B}^{})~dV}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p> Anwendung einer Variante des <a href="Gau%C3%9Fscher_Integralsatz" title="Gaußscher Integralsatz">gaußschen Integralsatzes</a> auf dieses Ergebnis führt schließlich auf die Holstein-Herring-Formel:
</p><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E={}-2\,{\frac {\int _{M}\phi _{A}^{}\mathbf {\nabla } \phi _{A}^{}\bullet d{\mathbf {S} }}{1-2\int _{R}\phi _{A}^{2}~dV}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>∙<!-- ∙ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E={}-2\,{\frac {\int _{M}\phi _{A}^{}\mathbf {\nabla } \phi _{A}^{}\bullet d{\mathbf {S} }}{1-2\int _{R}\phi _{A}^{2}~dV}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71d2f609377e5f4bb42932b682c35cb2b1036ba7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:28.012ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E={}-2\,{\frac {\int _{M}\phi _{A}^{}\mathbf {\nabla } \phi _{A}^{}\bullet d{\mathbf {S} }}{1-2\int _{R}\phi _{A}^{2}~dV}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d{\mathbf {S} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d{\mathbf {S} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3517875b9c3c2cf6eebf5a1a3afeed732d3829f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.701ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d{\mathbf {S} }}" loading="lazy"></span> ein differentielles Flächenelement der Mittelebene <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Mit dieser Formel gelang es Herring erstmals zu zeigen,<sup id="cite_ref-Herring62_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring62-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dass der führende Term der asymptotischen Entwicklung der Energiedifferenz zwischen den beiden niedrigsten Zuständen des Wasserstoff-Molekülions, also des ersten angeregten Zustandes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2p\sigma _{u}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>p</mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2p\sigma _{u}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f97b1de2943f8026f04360f35ee307a918bdaca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.832ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2p\sigma _{u}}" loading="lazy"></span> und des Grundzustandes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1s\sigma _{g}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>s</mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1s\sigma _{g}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/283693b0fca3aa88bd4dc6c071a5a0f7f5a9ea52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.602ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1s\sigma _{g}}" loading="lazy"></span> (bezeichnet nach molekularer Notation – s. obige Abbildung für die Energiekurven), folgende mathematische Form hat:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E=E_{-}-E_{+}={\frac {4}{e}}\,R\,e^{-R}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>e</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>R</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E=E_{-}-E_{+}={\frac {4}{e}}\,R\,e^{-R}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1298c889cd1fd70685d34af36d2369253307d5cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.579ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E=E_{-}-E_{+}={\frac {4}{e}}\,R\,e^{-R}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Vorherige Berechnungen auf der Basis der LCAO-Näherung für die atomaren Orbitale hatten fälschlicherweise den Vorfaktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4/3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4/3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2f29a3dad63994c875d297399d10029b43eda57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.487ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4/3}" loading="lazy"></span> anstatt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4/e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4/e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc9df777ba907e47984202245b9722bf3461da96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.408ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4/e}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p>Die Holstein-Herring-Formel hatte nur begrenzte Bedeutung für Anwendungen, bis um 1990, als Tang, <a href="Jan_Peter_Toennies" title="Jan Peter Toennies">Toennies</a>, und Yiu<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zeigten, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}^{}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{A}^{}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1367c1447d3359f67718612f2a9dc529f0064a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.85ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}^{}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <i>polarisierte</i> Funktion sein kann, d. h. eine atomare, an einem der beiden Kernorte lokalisierte Wellenfunktion, die durch den Einfluss des anderen Kerns verzerrt wird und daher keine eindeutige Symmetrie (gerade oder ungerade) mehr aufweist. Dennoch kann die oben angegebene Holstein-Herring-Formel verwendet werden und liefert die korrekte asymptotische Reihenentwicklung für die Austauschenergieaufspaltung. Auf diese Weise ist auch ein ursprüngliches Zwei-Zentren-Problem erfolgreich in ein effektives Ein-Zentren-Problem umgewandelt worden. Anschließend wurde diese Formel für Zwei-Zentren-Probleme mit einem aktiven Elektronen (z. B. Alkalidimer-Kationen) erweitert. Durch Scott <i>et al.</i> wurde das Verständnis dieses zunächst überraschenden Ergebnisses vertieft, was die Klärung subtiler, aber wichtiger Fragen zur Konvergenz der polarisierten Funktionen erforderte.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das Ergebnis dieser Analyse bedeutet, dass im Prinzip jede beliebige Ordnung der asymptotischen Reihenentwicklung der Austauschenergieaufspaltung berechnet werden kann. Die Holstein-Herring-Methode ist auch für den Fall von zwei aktiven Elektronen erweitert worden, d. h. für die beiden niedrigsten gebundenen Zustände des Wasserstoff-Moleküls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H_2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mtext>H</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H_2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47eff53b325ce9d8ead5dbec9a503e95b8eff109.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und allgemeinere zweiatomige Systeme.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physikalische_Interpretation">Physikalische Interpretation</h2></div>
<p>Die oben angegebene Holstein-Herring-Formel kann wie folgt physikalisch interpretiert werden: Das Elektron <i><a href="Tunneleffekt" title="Tunneleffekt">tunnelt</a></i> zwischen beiden Kernen hin und her, erzeugt dadurch einen Strom, dessen Flussdichte durch die Mittelebene <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> die Bestimmung der Austauschenergieaufspaltung erlaubt. Bezogen auf den Tunneleffekt, eine ergänzende Auslegung von <a href="Sidney_Coleman" title="Sidney Coleman">Sidney Colemans</a> <i>„Aspects of Symmetry“</i> („Aspekte der Symmetrie“, 1985) hat eine „<a href="Instanton" title="Instanton">Instanton</a>“ Reise in die Nähe und über den klassischen Weg innerhalb <a href="Pfadintegral" title="Pfadintegral">Pfadintegral</a>. Diese Energie wird also von beiden Kernen geteilt, d. h. <i>ausgetauscht</i>. Zu beachten ist noch, dass das Volumenintegral über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> im Nenner der Holstein-Herring-Formel subdominant ist, so dass für genügend große Kern-Kern-Abstände der Nenner einfach gleich eins gesetzt werden kann und nur das Oberflächenintegral im Zähler berechnet zu werden braucht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Holstein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mobilities of positive ions in their parent gases</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="J._Phys._Chem." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Phys. Chem.">J. Phys. Chem.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>56</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, Juli 1952, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>832–836</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/j150499a004">10.1021/j150499a004</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Mobilities+of+positive+ions+in+their+parent+gases&rft.au=T.+Holstein&rft.date=1952-07&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fj150499a004&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=J.+Phys.+Chem.&rft.pages=832-836&rft.volume=56" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Holstein In: <i>Westinghouse Research Report 60-94698-3-R9</i> 1955 (unveröffentlicht).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Herring62-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Herring62_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Herring62_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Conyers_Herring" title="Conyers Herring">C. Herring</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Critique of the Heitler-London Method of Calculating Spin Couplings at Large Distances</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Rev._Mod._Phys." class="mw-redirect" title="Rev. Mod. Phys.">Rev. Mod. Phys.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>34</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Oktober 1962, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>631–645</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.34.631">10.1103/RevModPhys.34.631</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Critique+of+the+Heitler-London+Method+of+Calculating+Spin+Couplings+at+Large+Distances&rft.au=C.+Herring&rft.date=1962-10&rft.doi=10.1103%2FRevModPhys.34.631&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Rev.+Mod.+Phys.&rft.pages=631-645&rft.volume=34" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Bardsley,T. Holstein, B. R. Junker, S. Sinha: <cite style="font-style:italic">Calculations of ion-atom interactions relating to resonant charge-transfer collisions</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Phys._Rev._A" class="mw-redirect" title="Phys. Rev. A">Phys. Rev. A</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, Juni 1975, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1911–1920</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.11.1911">10.1103/PhysRevA.11.1911</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Calculations+of+ion-atom+interactions+relating+to+resonant+charge-transfer+collisions&rft.au=J.+Bardsley%2CT.+Holstein%2C+B.+R.+Junker%2C+...&rft.date=1975-06&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevA.11.1911&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+A&rft.pages=1911-1920&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. C. Scott, M. Aubert-Frécon, D. Andrae: <cite style="font-style:italic">Asymptotics of Quantum Mechanical Atom-Ion Systems</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>233–255</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s002000200100">10.1007/s002000200100</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Asymptotics+of+Quantum+Mechanical+Atom-Ion+Systems&rft.au=T.+C.+Scott%2C+M.+Aubert-Fr%C3%A9con%2C+D.+Andrae&rft.btitle=Appl.+Algebra+Eng.+Commun.+Comput.&rft.date=2002&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs002000200100&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=233-255&rft.volume=13" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Aubert-Frécon M., T. C. Scott, G. Hadinger, D. Andrae, J. Grotendorst, J. D. Morgan III: <cite style="font-style:italic">Asymptotically Exact Calculation of the Exchange Energies of One-Active-Electron Diatomic Ions with the Surface Integral Method</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Journal_of_Physics#Journal_of_Physics_B" title="Journal of Physics">J. Phys. B</a>: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4451–4469</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075%2F37%2F22%2F005">10.1088/0953-4075/37/22/005</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Asymptotically+Exact+Calculation+of+the+Exchange+Energies+of+One-Active-Electron+Diatomic+Ions+with+the+Surface+Integral+Method&rft.au=M.+Aubert-Fr%C3%A9con+M.%2C+T.+C.+Scott%2C+G.+Hadinger%2C+...&rft.date=2004&rft.doi=10.1088%2F0953-4075%2F37%2F22%2F005&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=J.+Phys.+B%3A+At.+Mol.+Opt.+Phys.&rft.pages=4451-4469&rft.volume=37" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. M. Smirnov, M. I. Chibisov: <cite style="font-style:italic">Electron exchange and changes in the hyperfine state of colliding alkaline metal atoms</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Sov. Phys. J. Exptl. Theoret. Phys.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, September 1965, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>624–628</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Electron+exchange+and+changes+in+the+hyperfine+state+of+colliding+alkaline+metal+atoms&rft.au=B.+M.+Smirnov%2C+M.+I.+Chibisov&rft.date=1965-09&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Sov.+Phys.+J.+Exptl.+Theoret.+Phys.&rft.pages=624-628&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. T. Tang, <a href="Jan_Peter_Toennies" title="Jan Peter Toennies">J. P. Toennies</a>, C. L. Yiu: <cite style="font-style:italic">The exchange energy of H<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> calculated from polarization perturbation theory</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="J._Chem._Phys." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Chem. Phys.">J. Chem. Phys.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>94</span>, Januar 1991, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7266–7277</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.460211">10.1063/1.460211</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=The+exchange+energy+of+H2%2B+calculated+from+polarization+perturbation+theory&rft.au=K.+T.+Tang%2C+J.+P.+Toennies%2C+C.+L.+Yiu&rft.btitle=J.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.date=1991-01&rft.doi=10.1063%2F1.460211&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=7266-7277&rft.volume=94" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. C. Scott, <a href="Alexander_Dalgarno" title="Alexander Dalgarno">A. Dalgarno</a>, J. D. Morgan III: <cite style="font-style:italic">Exchange Energy of H<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> Calculated from Polarization Perturbation Theory and the Holstein-Herring Method</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Physical_Review_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review Letters">Phys. Rev. Lett.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>67</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, September 1991, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1419–1422</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1419">10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1419</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Exchange+Energy+of+H2%2B+Calculated+from+Polarization+Perturbation+Theory+and+the+Holstein-Herring+Method&rft.au=T.+C.+Scott%2C+A.+Dalgarno%2C+J.+D.+Morgan+III&rft.date=1991-09&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.67.1419&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.pages=1419-1422&rft.volume=67" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. C. Scott, J. F. Babb, A. Dalgarno, J. D. Morgan III: <cite style="font-style:italic">Resolution of a Paradox in the Calculation of Exchange Forces for H<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup></cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Chem._Phys._Lett." class="mw-redirect" title="Chem. Phys. Lett.">Chem. Phys. Lett.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>203</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2–3</span>, Februar 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>175–183</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614%2893%2985383-Y">10.1016/0009-2614(93)85383-Y</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Resolution+of+a+Paradox+in+the+Calculation+of+Exchange+Forces+for+H2%2B&rft.au=T.+C.+Scott%2C+J.+F.+Babb%2C+A.+Dalgarno%2C+...&rft.date=1993-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0009-2614%2893%2985383-Y&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2-3&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Phys.+Lett.&rft.pages=175-183&rft.volume=203" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. C. Scott, J. F. Babb, <a href="Alexander_Dalgarno" title="Alexander Dalgarno">A. Dalgarno</a>, J. D. Morgan III: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Calculation of Exchange Forces: General Results and Specific Models</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">J. Chem. Phys.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>99</span>, 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2841–2854</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.465193">10.1063/1.465193</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=The+Calculation+of+Exchange+Forces%3A+General+Results+and+Specific+Models&rft.au=T.+C.+Scott%2C+J.+F.+Babb%2C+A.+Dalgarno%2C+...&rft.btitle=J.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.date=1993&rft.doi=10.1063%2F1.465193&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=2841-2854&rft.volume=99" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Herring, M. Flicker: <cite style="font-style:italic">Asymptotic Exchange Coupling of Two Hydrogen Atoms</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Phys. Rev. A</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>134</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 1964, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>362–366</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.134.A362">10.1103/PhysRev.134.A362</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Asymptotic+Exchange+Coupling+of+Two+Hydrogen+Atoms&rft.au=C.+Herring%2C+M.+Flicker&rft.date=1964&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRev.134.A362&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+A&rft.pages=362-366&rft.volume=134" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. C. Scott, M. Aubert-Frécon, D. Andrae, J. Grotendorst, J. D. Morgan III, M. L. Glasser: <cite style="font-style:italic">Exchange Energy for Two-Active-Electron Diatomic Systems Within the Surface Integral Method</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">AAECC</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>101–128</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00200-004-0156-6">10.1007/s00200-004-0156-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Holstein-Herring-Methode&rft.atitle=Exchange+Energy+for+Two-Active-Electron+Diatomic+Systems+Within+the+Surface+Integral+Method&rft.au=T.+C.+Scott%2C+M.+Aubert-Fr%C3%A9con%2C+D.+Andrae%2C+...&rft.btitle=AAECC&rft.date=2004&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs00200-004-0156-6&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=101-128&rft.volume=15" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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